دیالکتیک امر سیاسی و امر حقوقی: ایدئولوژی در نظم بین المللی‏

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی

2 کانون وکلای دادگستری

چکیده

توسعه نظام‌های حقوقی داخلی نتیجه توسعه دولت‌های ملّی بوده که خود حاصل تعامل قدرت و منافع است. در نظم حقوقی بین‌الملل نیز وضعیت تقریباً به همین گونه است، با این تفاوت که روابط میان قدرت و منافع در نظم حقوقی بین‌الملل ناواضح‌تر و مبهم‌تر از حقوق داخلی است. از این جهت که در نظم سیاسی حاکم بر جامعه بین‌الملل، وحدت و یکپارچگی کمتر از نظام‌های سیاسی داخلی است. به همین جهت است که سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، معاهدات، حل اختلاف‌های بین‌المللی، نظام‌های امنیتی از جمله خلع سلاح و... پدید آمده اند. در نوشته حاضر سوال این است که با بهره از آموزه‌های رویکرد انتقادی رادیکال در باب ماتریالیسم دیالکتیک در گفتار سیاسی، در جدال دیالکتیک میان امر حقوقی و امر سیاسی، نقد جایگاه مفهومی حقوق بین‌الملل در نظم کنونی بین‌الملل در نهایت به ایدئولوژیک بودن آن منجر میشود یا خیر؟ ایدئولوژیک بودن حقوق بین‌الملل از یک طرف ناشی از سلطه دولت‌های ملی وستفالیایی و از طرفی دیگر ناشی از پیروزی نهایی امر سیاسی در دیالکتیک میان امر حقوقی و امر سیاسی است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The dialectic of the political and the legal: The ideology in international order

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Najafzadeh 1
  • Seyed Amirhamed Talebian 2
1 Shahidbeheshti University
2 Iran Bar Association
چکیده [English]

The development of domestic legal systems has been the result of the development of national governments, which itself is the result of the interaction of power and interests. In the international legal order, the situation is almost the same, with the difference that the relationship between power and interests in the international legal order is more unclear and ambiguous than domestic law, due to the fact that the political order governing the international community It has less unity and integrity than domestic political systems. This is why international organizations, treaties, international dispute resolution, security systems, including disarmament, etc. have emerged. In this article, the question is that, using the teachings of the radical critical approach about dialectical materialism in political speech, in the dialectical conflict between the legal matter and the political matter, the criticism of the conceptual position of international law in the current international order Is it ideological or not? The ideological nature of international law is, on the one hand, a result of the dominance of the Westphalian national governments, and on the other hand, a result of the final victory of the political in the dialectic between the legal and the political.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dialectical Materialism
  • Ideology
  • National Governments
  • Radical Critical Approach

مراجع

  • Akhtar, Zia, (2015), "Law, Marxism and ‎state", International Journal of Semiotics of Law, volume 28, 661-685‎
  • Alcantara, Oscar L. (1996), Ideology, historiography and international ‎legal theory, International Journal for the Semiotics of Law Volume IX, Number 25, 39-79
  • Bradley Lewis, V. (2017), "Should We Abolish the State? Neo-Thomist Reflections on Peter Simpson’s Radical ‎Proposal", The American Journal of Jurisprudence, Volume 62, Number 1, 59–73‎
  • Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1921), The Nature of the Judicial Process, New Haven: Yale University ‎Press
  • Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1924), The growth of the law, New Haven: Yale University Press
  • Casalino, Vinícius, alino, Vinícius, "Karl Marx’s dialetics and the Marxist criticism of law", Direito & Praxis DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2018/29868
  • ‏Cohen, G.A. (1982), Marxism and the Law, Oxford: Clarenden Press
  • Derrida, Jacque (1994), Force de loi: Le "Fondement mystique de l'autorité", Éditions Galiiée
  • Derrida, Jacque (2002), Acts of Religion, translated by Gil Anidjar, Routledge
  • Ehrlich, Eugen (1913), Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts, Reprint 1967, 4th edition 1989, Berlin: Duncker & ‎Humblot
  • ‏Engels, Fredrich, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, MECW, vol. 24
  • Flew, Anthony (1991), "Communism: ‎the philosophical foundations, Philosophy" 66, no. 257, 269-282
  • Foucault, Michel (1976), Histoire de la sexualité, tome 1 : La Volonté de Savoir, Editions Gallimard
  • Gaja, Giorgio (1993), "Reflections sur le Role du Conseil de Securite Dans le Nouvel Ordre Mondial" Revue General ‎de Droit International Public 297, 306–07
  • Gill, TD. (1995), "Legal and Some Political Limitations on the Power of the ‎UN Security Council to Exercise Its Enforcement Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter" 26, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 46, 33-138
  • Goodrich, L. (1969), and others, ‎Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents, 3rd ed, Stevens & Sons
  • ‎Hegel, G. W. F., Science of Logic, trans. A. V. Miller, p.56 cited in Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1988), Gramsci and The ‎History of Dialectical Thought, Cambridge University Press
  • Heilbroner, Robert L. (1980), Marxism: For and Against, New York: W. W. Norton & Company
  • Heinric, ‎‏ ‏ (2016)‎, “'Capital' after MEGA: Discontinuities, Interruptions and New Beginnings", Crisis & Critique, 3 ‎‎(3): 93–138
  • Henkin, Louis, & Pugh, Richard, & Schachter, Oscar, & Smit, Hans (1987), International Law: Cases and Materials, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.
  • Hersch Lauterpacht (1949), "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights", British Yearbook of International Law 1948, Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 25
  • Higgins, Rosalyn (1970), ‎‎"The Place of International Law in the Settlement of Disputes by the Security Council" 64(1), American Journal of International Law, 1-18
  • ‏Hirst, Paul (1979), On law and ideology, London: MacMillan Press
  • Hunt, Alan (1992), "A Socialist Interest in Law", 192 New Left Review 105
  • Jacob,‎‏ ‏Russell (1981), Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism, Cambridge University Press
  • Jonathan, GC; "Chapitre VII: Actions en cas de menace contre la paix" in J-P ‎Cot and A Pellet (1985) (eds.) La Charte des Nations Unies, Editions Economica
  • Knieper, Rolf (2010), "Pulls and Pushes of Legal Reform in Post-Communist States", Hague Journal on the Rule of ‎Law, Number 2, 111–126, ‎
  • Knox, Robert (2009), "Marxism, International ‎Law, and Political Strategy", Leiden Journal of International Law, 22, 413-437
  • Koskenniemi, Martti (1990), "The Politics of International Law", 1 European Journal of International Law, 4-32
  • Koskenniemi, Martti (1995), "The Police in the Temple–Order, Justice and the UN: A ‎Dialectical View" 6 European Journal of International Law‎, 325-348‎
  • Koskenniemi, Martti (2004), "What Should International Lawyers Learn from Karl Marx?", Leiden Journal of ‎International Law, 17(2), 229-246
  • Koskenniemi, Martti, What Should International Lawyers Learn ‎from Karl Marx?, Leiden Journal of International ‎Law‎, pp.30-53 in Susan Marks (2008) (ed.), International Law on ‎the Left: Re-examining Marxist Legacies, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge ‎University Press
  • Krisch, N, "‘Chapter VII’" in B Simma et al (2012)(eds) The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, 3rd ‎ed, Oxford University Press, vol II
  • Krivenko, Ekaterina Yahyaoui (2020), Space and Fates of International Law: Between Leibniz and Hobbes, ‎Cambridge University Press
  • Laclau, Ernesto (1996), The Time is Out of Joint, in Emancipation(s), London: Verso
  • Latouche, S. (1974), Totalité, Totalisation et Totalitarisme, Dialogue: Canadian ‎Philosophical Review/Revue canadienne de philosophie, Volume 13, Issue 1, 13(1), 71-83
  • Mann, Itamar (2016), Humanity at Sea: Maritime Migration and the ‎Foundations of International Law, Cambridge University Press
  • ‏Marks, Susan (2007), The Riddle of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy, and the Critique of Ideology, Oxford University Press
  • Marx, Karl and Engels, Fredrich, Friedrich, The German Ideology, vol. 5 of Collected Works, New York: International ‎Publishers‏,‏‎ 1976
  • Marx, Karl and Engels, Fredrich, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Marx and Engels, The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. ‎ Tucker (1978)
  • Marx, Karl, Critique of the Gotha Programme, MECW, vol. 24
  • Mcfaul, Michael & Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn and others (2004), After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative ‎Lessons of Transition, Cambridge University Press, 2004
  • ‏Messner, Claudius (2012), " "Living" Law: Performative, Not Discursive", International Journal for Semiotics of Law, ‎Volume 25, 537-552
  • Mieville, China (2005), Between Equal Rights: A Marxist Theory of International Law, Brill
  • Müllerson, Rein (2016), "Ideology, Geopolitics and International Law", Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 15 ‎‎, Number 15, 47–73‎
  • Osipov, Alexander (2013), "Non-Territorial Autonomy during and after Communism: In the Wrong or Right ‎Place", Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, volume 12, number 1, 7-26‎
  • Poulantzas, Nicolas (1974), Fascism and Dictatorship, London: NLB
  • Sandlin, P. Andrew (2018), "A Primer on Cultural ‎Marxism", Journal of Christian Legal Thought, volume 8, number 2, 10-17
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul, Critique de la raison ‎dialectique, N.R.F.
  • Scott, Shirley V. (1994), "International law as ideology: theorizing the relationship between international law and ‎international politics", European Journal of International Law, Volume 5, 313-325‎
  • Stalin, Joseph V., Dialectical and Historical Materialism, in https:// www. Marxists .org/ reference /archive /stalin ‏/‏works /1938/09 .htm, accessed July 13, 2018
  • Tasioulas, John (2013), "Human Rights, Legitimacy, and International Law", The American Journal of ‎Jurisprudence, Volume 58, Number 1, 1–25‎

 

Judgments and Awards:

  • A/59/565 para.300 & A/59/2005 paras.217-21ç
  • Application institution of proceeding, Congo V. France, 9 december 2002
  • ICJ Reports (1986) p.554‎
  • ICJ, order of 8 december 2000, Rec. 2000, p.216, para.4
  • ICJ, Rec, 1957, pp.922,23
  • ICJ, Rec, 1959, p.23
  • ICJ, Rec. 1949, p.179
  • ICJ, Rec. 1954, p.57‎
  • ICJ, Rec. 1985, p.43, para.54
  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States) (Judgment) [1986] ‎ICJ Rep 14, 290 (Judge Stephen Schwebel) in Harry Aitken, "The Security Council and International Law ‎Enforcement: A Kelsenian Perspective on Civilian Protection Peacekeeping Mandates", Journal of Conflict & ‎Security Law, (2017), Volume 22 ,Number 3, p.395‎
  • PCIJ, 1935, series A/B, number 64, p.19‎
  • Prosecutor V. Furundzija, ICTY, 10 December 1998, paras. 165-170

 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار