Immigration, Human Capital Exit and Development: Comparing Iran and Turkey

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

Tehran University

Abstract

Immigration can be considered one of the most important upward trends in the international arena. This phenomenon is especially important among Third World countries, as these countries are losing more human capital in the process of international human capital flows, and their development under the influence of this phenomenon will usually slow down. The main aim of the present research is to investigate the extent and mechanism of the impact of migration and exodus of human capital on the development of countries of origin, including as Iran and Turkey. In this regard, the important issue that arises is the extent of the impact of immigration on the development of Iran and Turkey. In response to this question, using the Grounded Theory, the most important immigration indicators affecting development were extracted, and it was hypothesized that the migration process was based on indicators such as the rate of migration and return, the high specialty immigrants, remmitances and foreign direct investment of Diaspora in the country of origin has had a negative effect on the development of Iran and Turkey. Considering that Turkey has a better status than Iran in immigration indicators, its development has been less damaging from immigration.

Keywords

References

  1. الف) منابع فارسی
  2. استادی، حسین؛ رفعت، بتول؛ رئیسی، عباسعلی. (1392). نقش سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی (FDI) در رشد اقتصادی ایران (1387-1357) و بررسی رابطه متقابل آن‌ها، فصلنامه تحقیقات توسعه اقتصادی، شماره نهم، صص. 170-148.
  3. ارشاد، فرهنگ. (1383). مبانی نظری فرار مغزها برحسب شکل‌گیری الگوهای مختلـف آن در شرایط کنونی، مسائل اجتماعی ایران، شماره 5، تهران: انجمن جامعه‌شناسی ایران.
  4. جعفری معطر، فریدون. (1387). مهاجرت نخبگان (بررسی زمینه‌های مؤثر بر گرایش دانش آموزان نخبه به مهاجرت از کشور)، چاپ اول، تهران: موسسه تحقیقات و توسعه علوم انسانی.
  5. ذاکری صالحی، غلامرضا. (1383). درآمدی بر جامعه‌شناسی آموزش عالی، چاپ اول، تهران: کویر.
  6. شاه‌آبادی، ابوالفضل؛ کریم کشته، محمدحسین؛ محمودی، عبدالله. (1385). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر فرار مغزها (مطالعه موردی ایران)، پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، تابستان 1385، دوره 10، شماره 39، صص. 39-81.
  7. شهرام نیا، امیرمسعود؛ اسکندری، مجید. (1388). ابعاد، ریشه‌ها و پیامدهای فرار مغزها از پیرامون به مرکز (مطالعه موردی ایران)، ره‌آورد سیاسی، تابستان و پاییز 1388، سال هفت، شماره 24 و 25، صص. 47-70.
  8. صنوبری، محمد. (1388). مقدمه‌ای بر سرمایه انسانی (مفاهیم، ویژگی‌ها و شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری)، دو ماهنامه توسعه انسانی پلیس، سال ششم، شماره 22، فروردین و اردیبهشت.
  9. ‌طایفی، علی. (1387). جامعه‌شناسی فرار مغزها، آلمان: نشر فروغ.
  10. طهماسبی، جواد. (1391). شاخص توسعه انسانی و مقام ایران در جایگاه جهانی، معاونت پژوهش‌های اقتصادی، گزارش راهبردی، شماره 159، آذر 1391.
  11. علاءالدینی، فرشید و همکاران. (1384). میزان تمایل به مهاجرت و علل آن در پزشکان ایرانی، حکیم، پاییز 1384، دوره 8، شماره 3، صص. 9-15.
  12. کریمی پتانلار، سعید. (1393). اثر سرمایه انسانی بر جریان سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی در کشورهای منتخب، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه مازندران، رشته علوم اجتماعی.
  13. متوسلی، محمود؛ آهنچیان، محمدرضا. (1381) اقتصاد آموزش و پرورش، تهران: انتشارات سمت، چاپ اول.
  14. محمدی الموتی، مسعود. (1383). جهانی شدن و مهاجرت نخبگان: بررسی تجربه ایران، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی رفاه اجتماعی، سال چهارم، شماره 15.
  15. وقوفی، حسن. (1380). فرار مغزها (بررسی مهاجرت نخبگان از زوایای گوناگون)، چاپ اول، تهران: زهد.
  16. ب) منابع انگلیسی
  17. Adaman, Fikret; Kaya, Ayhan. (2012). Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
  18. Ahmed, S. Amer; Go, Delfin Sia; Willenbockel, Dirk Andreas. (2016). Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration (English). Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7628; Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  19. Ahmet, Akgündüz. (1993). Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe 1960.
  20. Aysit, Tansel; Nil Demet, Güngör. (2002). Brain Drain from Turkey: Survey Evidence of Student Non-Return, Working Paper 0307.
  21. Başak, Bilecen Süoğlu. (2012). Trends in Student Mobility from Turkey to Germany, Perceptions, Volume XVII, Number 2, pp. 61-84.
  22. Chisholm, Hugh, (ed.). (1922). Ravenstein, Ernst Georg, Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.), London & New York.
  23. Coffey, Luke. (2016). Turkey's demographic challenge, Turkey needs a realistic plan to deal with Syrian refugees, Aljazeera, 18 Feb 2016.
  24. Cole, Jeffrey. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368. & Fischer, Tristan (2015), History Future Now, Lulu Press.
  25. Costanza Biavaschi; Micha, Burzynski; Benjamin, Elsner; Joël, Machado. (2016). The Gain from the Drain Skill-biased Migration and Global Welfare, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Discussion Paper Series. Available at: http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_24_16.pdf
  26. De Haas, H. (2007). Remittance, Migration and social development, A Conceptual Review of the Literature, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
  27. Docquier, Frederic. (2014). The brain drain from developing countries, Universite Catholique de Louvain, and National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium, and IZA, Germany, Article Number: 31, May 2014.
  28. Durugonul, Esma. (2013). Turkish Return Migration from Europe, European Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 412–421.
  29. Everett S. Lee. (1966). A Theory of Migration, 3. University of Pennsylvania: pp. 47–57.
  30. Grubel Herbert B.; Scott, Anthony D. (1966). The International Flow of Human Capital, The American Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1/2, Mar. 1, 1966, pp. 268-274.
  31. Haas, Hein De. (2005). International migration, remittances and development: myths and facts, Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 8.
  32. Human Development Report .(2016). United Nations Development Programme.
  33. İçduygu A. (2006a). International Migrant Remittances in Turkey, CARIM Research Reports, no 07, European University Institute, Florence, 2006.
  34. International Migration Report. (2017). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf
  35. Jackline, Wahba. (2015). Who benefits from return migration to developing countries?, University of Southampton, UK, and IZA, Germany, Article Number: 123.
  36. Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach, Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), pp. 411 – 36.
  37. Johnson, Harry G. (1975). International Circulation of Human Capital or “Brain Drain”, Technology and Economic Interdependence, pp. 90-115.
  38. Julian di Giovanni; Andrei, Levchenko; Francesc, Ortega. (2014). A Global View of Cross-Border Migration, NBER Working Paper, No. 20002.
  39. Klinthäll, Martin. (2017). Immigration, Integration and Return Migration: The Swedish Experience, Lund University, Department of Economic History, Sweden. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Turin_Statements/KLINTHALL.pdf
  40. Mountford, Andrew. (1997). Can a Brain Drain Be Good for Growth in the Source Economy?, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 53, pp. 287-303.
  41. Naghdi, Asadulah. (2010). Iranian Diaspora: With focus on Iranian Immigrants in Sweden, Asian Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010.
  42. Schultz, T. W. (1971). Investment in Human Capital, New York. The Free Press.
  43. Su-Yan, Pan. (2008). Changes and Challenges in the Flow of International Human Capital: China's Experience, Journal of Studies in International Education.
  44. Terminski, Bogumil. (2012). Environmentally-Induced Displacement, Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, CEDEM, Universite de Liège.
  45. The Global Human Capital Report. (2017). By World Economic Forum (WEF).
  46. The World Bank. (2017). Migration and Remittances Data, Annual Remittances Data (updated as of Apr. 2018). Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data & https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/remittance-trends-over-time?width=1000&height=850&iframe=true & https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/bilateral-remittance-flows?width=1000&height=850&iframe=true
  47. Thomas, Brinley. (1967). the International Circulation of Human Capital, Minerva, Volume 5, Issue 4, pp. 479–506.
  48. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2018). World Investment Report 2017, United Nations Publication, New York and Geneva. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
  49. Wahba, Jackline. (2015). Who benefits from return migration to developing countries?, IZA World of Labor, No. 123.
  50. World Bank. (2016). Republic of Turkey, Natural Capital Accounting, Valuing Water Resources in Turkey, A Methodological Overview and Case Study, September. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/600681476343083047/pdf/AUS10650-REVISED-PUBLIC-Turkey-NCA-Water-Valuation-Report-FINAL-CLEAN.pdf
  51. World Bank. (2018). Record high remittances to low- and middle-income countries in 2017, April 23, 2018, Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/23/record-high-remittances-to-low-and-middle-income-countries-in-2017
  52. World Bank Group. (2016). Migration and Remittances factbook, Third Edition, Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD).
  53. World Migration in Figures. (2013). A joint contribution by UN-DESA and the OECD to the United Nations High-Level Dialogue on Migration and Development, 3-4 October 2013. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf
Political and International Approaches
Volume 10, Issue 2 - Serial Number 56
February 2019
Pages 98-122

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics