As a discursive framework, each development theory necessarily includes some interrelated characteristics whose implication would lead to a general theoretical system. The fundamental, the situational, the explanatory, and the normative are the four characteristics which together shape the implicational aspect of any development theory. Focusing on the fundamental implication, the present study attempts to show how a development theory might help in figuring out the developing criteria besides the strategic policy-making process via an intellectual understanding of the interrelation between the human-kind, the society, and history. In such doing, as a discursive-actual system, development theory would identify the present challenges in the society, and explain the roots of such critical situation. Here, we attempt to explain that in the fundamental aspect, such theory should avoid the metaphysical-positivistic approach, and apply a phronetic one in order to introduce a normative system of progress.
- Clegg, Stewart, Flyvbjerg, Bent, & Huagaard, Mark (2014), Reflections on phronetic social science: a dialogue between Stewart Clegg, Bent Flyvbjerg and Mark Haugaard, in: Journal of Political Power, Vol. 7. No. 2, pp. 275-306.
- Dallmayr, Fred (1984), Polis and Praxis: Exercises in Contemporary Political Theory, MIT Press.
- Elders, Leo J. (2019), The Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas: Happiness, Natural Law, and the Virtues, Catholic University of America Press.
- Flyvbjerg, B. (2004), Phronetic planning research: Theoretical and methodological reflections, in: Planning Theory & Practice, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 283–306.
- Flyvbjerg, B. (2005), Social science that matters, in: Foresight Europe, No. 2, 38-42.
- Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T., & Schram, S. (2012), Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Gimbel, E. W. (2013), Making Political Science Matter? Phronetic Social Science in Theory and Practice. In: Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1139-1143.
- Habermas, Jurgen (1973), Theory and Practice, trans. to English J. Viertel, Bacon Press, Boston.
- Kenyon, Eric (2012), Augustine and the Liberal Arts, in: Art and Humanities in Higher Education, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 105-113.
- Kuschel, Gonzalo Bustamante (2016), Phronetic science: a Nietzschean moment?, in: Journal of Political Power, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 207-225.
- Lukes, Steven (2005), Power: a Radical View. 2nd Ed., London: Macmillan.
- Petersen, Anna Charlotta & Olsson, Jan Ingvar (2015), Calling Evidence-Based Practice into Question: Acknowledging Phronetic Knowledge in Social Work, in: British Journal of Social Work, No. 45, pp. 1581-1597.
- Rudolf Stichweh (2001), Scientific Disciplines, History of; in: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Ed. By Neil J. Smelser & Paul B. Baltes, Amesterdam, Elsevier, pp. 13727-13731.
- Rüegg, Walter (2004), A History of University in Europe, Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press.
- Snow, C. P. (1998), The Two Cultures, Cambridge, The University of Cambridge Publication.
- Stichweh, Rudolf (2000), Systems Theory as an Alternative to Action Theory? The Rise of ‘Communication’ as a Theoretical Option, in: Acta Sociologia, Vol. 43, pp. 5-13.
- Weingart, Peter (2010), A Short History of Knowledge Formations, in: Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinary Studies, ed. By: Robert Frodeman, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 3-15.
Alavipour, S., & Manoochehri, A. (2020). Phronetic Science: a Fundamental Implication for Development Theory. Political and International Approaches, 11(3), 13-28. doi: 10.29252/piaj.2020.99906
MLA
Seyedmohsen Alavipour; Abbas Manoochehri. "Phronetic Science: a Fundamental Implication for Development Theory", Political and International Approaches, 11, 3, 2020, 13-28. doi: 10.29252/piaj.2020.99906
HARVARD
Alavipour, S., Manoochehri, A. (2020). 'Phronetic Science: a Fundamental Implication for Development Theory', Political and International Approaches, 11(3), pp. 13-28. doi: 10.29252/piaj.2020.99906
VANCOUVER
Alavipour, S., Manoochehri, A. Phronetic Science: a Fundamental Implication for Development Theory. Political and International Approaches, 2020; 11(3): 13-28. doi: 10.29252/piaj.2020.99906