The Political Economy of Development in Post-Saddam Iraq: Political Turn or Reproduction of Limited Access Order

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D Student of Political Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 دانشیار روابط بین الملل. دانشگاه رازی

3 Associate Professor of International Relations at Shahid Beheshti University

10.29252/piaj.2022.228181.1277

Abstract

The collapse of the Baath regime and the decline of the established political order, as a critical historical moment, presented the opportunity for transformation and the development of mechanisms to realize desirable economic-social changes in front of the Iraqi society and political system. However, the realities of this country indicate that the situation of Iraq's national development has become more complicated in the post-Saddam period. The problem of the current research is to decipher how the current fate was formed and the logic governing the pattern of stagnation and fragility of the economic development process in post-Saddam Iraq. The main question of the article is how to understand the expansion of the development process in post-Saddam Iraq? The hypothesis of the research is designed in such a way that the struggle of powerful social forces present in the political sphere of  post-Saddam Iraq has hindered the necessary institutional turn to transition from the state of limited access order and achieve dynamic national development in this country. The findings of the research show that the mutual actions of the forces present in the policy-making sphere of the political economy of post-Saddam Iraq have not taken steps to prepare a disciplined ideological and institutional formulation to open the historical locks and guide the economic development in this country. On the other hand, the historical situation after the fall of Saddam has been associated with the reproduction of the past Institutional heritage, the intensification of rent-seeking, the expansion of personal relationships, and finally, the inequality in the distribution of incomes, the increase in exchange costs and the development of a fragile order in this country. The research has been carried out by Historical research method and relying on library sources and texts.

Keywords

References

  •  

    منابع

    • نورث، سی. داگلاس و دیگران(1395)، در سایه خشونت: سیاست، اقتصاد و مسایل توسعه، ترجمه محسن میردامادی و محمد حسین نعیمی، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات روزنه.
    • نورث، سی. داگلاس (1396)، فهم فرآیند تحول اقتصادی، ترجمه میرسعید مهاجرانی و زهرا فرضی زاده، تهران، نشر نهادگرا، چاپ نخست.
    • Abbas, Hassan (2017), "The Myth and Reality of Iraq’s al-Hashd al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilization Forces): A Way Forward." A policy paper. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq http://library. fes. de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/13689. pdf (2017)
    • Abbas, S. S., and N. B. Ismail (2017), "Anti-Corruption Strategies in Iraq after 2003: The Challenges Ahead." The Social Sciences 12, no. 11 (2017): 2191-2199
    • Aziz, Sardar (2017), "The economic system (s) of the Kurdistan regional government, Iraq." In Between State and Non-State,. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2017
    • Abdullah, Sarwar (2018) “After IS, Iraq’s Major Challenge is Corruption.” Washington Institute for
    • Near East Studies, https://www.washingtoninstitute. org/fikraforum/view/after-is-iraqs-major-challenge-iscorruption
    • Almagtome, A., Shaker, A., Al-Fatlawi, Q., & Bekheet, H. (2019), “The Integration between Financial Sustainability and Accountability in Higher Education Institutions: An Exploratory Case Study”. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(2)
    • Al-Hurra (2021), ‘Iraqi Electoral Commission: Initial turnout 41 percent.’). Available at https://www.alhurra.com/iraq/2021/10/11/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88
    • Bandiera, Luca, Bledi Celiku, and Ashwaq Natiq Maseeh (2018), “Iraq Economic Monitor-From War to Reconstruction and Economic Recovery”: With a Special Focus on Energy Subsidy Reform. No. 125406. The World Bank, 2018
    • Bobseine, Haley (2022), Iraq: A crisis of elite, consensus-based politics turns deadly. September 15, 2022. Pp1-9.
    • Costantini, Irene (2018), “Statebuilding in the Middle East and North Africa: The aftermath of regime change”. Routledge, 2018
    • Cockburn, P. (2013), “Iraq 10 years on: How Baghdad became a city of corruption”. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-10-years-on-how-baghdad-became-a-city-of-corruption-8520038.html (Accessed: 20 July 2013).
    • Crocker, Ambassador Ryan (2017), "Report of the Task Force on the Future of Iraq." Achieving Long-Term Stability to Ensure the Defeat of ISIS, Atlantic Council (2017)
    • Dodge, Toby. 2019a. “Corruption Continues to Destabilize Iraq.” Chatham House, October 1, 2019. https://www.chathamhouse.org/ expert/comment/corruption-continues-destabilize-iraq
    • Dodge, T., Kaya, Z., Luchtenberg, K.N., Mathieu-Comtois, S., Saleh, B., van den Toorn, C., Turpin-King, A. and Watkins, J., (2018), Iraq synthesis paper: Understanding the drivers of conflict in Iraq.
    • Dodge, Toby, and Renad Mansour (2020), "Sectarianization and De-sectarianization in the Struggle for Iraq’s Political Field." The Review of Faith & International Affairs 18, no. 1
    • Haddad, Farnar (2017), "As the war winds down, what next for Iraq." Middle East Insights 170 (2017).
    • Haddad, Fanar (2011), Sectarianism in Iraq: Antagonistic visions of unity. Oxford University Press, USA, 2011
    • Haggard, Stephan, and James Long)2007), "On Benchmarks: Institutions and Violence in Iraq." Unpublished paper (2007): 1-48
    • Hamilton, Alexander (2020), "The political economy of economic policy in Iraq." (2020).
    • Hamourtziadou, Lily, and Bulent Gokay. "The promised spring: death and neoliberalism in Iraq." Security Dialogues 11, no. 1 (2020): 45-60
    • Iraq: Systematic Country Diagnostic(2017),” World Bank, February 3, 2017, http://docu-ments.worldbank.org/curated/en/542811487277729890/pdf/IRAQ-SCD-FINAL-cleared-02132017
    • Iraq Bady Count.IBC (2015)
    • Idris, Iffat. (2018), “Inclusive and sustained growth in Iraq”. K4D Helpdesk Report 355. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies
    • Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S. (2015), Iraq in the Twenty-First Century; Regime change and the making of a failed state. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge
    • Khan, Mushtaq (2010), "Political settlements and the governance of growth-enhancing institutions." (2010)
    • Khan, Mushtaq (2017), “INTRODUCTION: POLITICAL SETTLEMENTS AND THE ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONS”, African Affairs, 1–20
    • Khan, Mushtaq H(2018), "Political settlements and the analysis of institutions." African Affairs 117, no. 469 (2018): 636-655
    • Khan, M. (1999), “The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Pakistan 1947-1971, Department of Economics”, SOAS, University of London, UK
    • Krishnan, N., Olivieri, S., & Lima, L. (2014), IRAQ: The Unfulfilled Promise of Oil and Growth - Poverty, Inclusion and Welfare in Iraq, 2007-2012. The World Bank. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/12/000477144_20150212104819/Rendered/PDF/926810v10ESW0P0C0disclosed020110150.pdf
    • Libecap, Gary (2018), D. Douglass C. North: transaction costs, property rights, and economic outcomes. No. w24585. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018.
    • Mansour, Renad. "Rebuilding the Iraqi State: Stabilisation, Governance and Reconciliation." European Union, European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs (2018)
    • Mansour, Renad(2018), "Why Iraq’s Elections Were an Indictment of the Elite." Chatham House, May 18 (2018)
    • Mako, Shamiran. (2021), “Subverting Peace: the Origins and Legacies of de-Baathification in Iraq.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (3): xx-xy
    • Mako, Shmiran(2019), “Sectarianism, Religious Actors, and the State Institutionalizing Exclusion: De-Ba‘thification in post-2003 Iraq”, in Religion, Violence, and the State in Iraq, POMEPS
    •  
    • Nore, Abdul Wahed Jalal, and Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani(2009), "Insurgency, political stability and economic performance in post-Saddam Iraq: An evaluation." J. Pol. & L. 2 (2009): 103
    • North, D. C. (2007), Limited access orders in the developing world: A new approach to the problems of development (Vol. 4359), World Bank Publications
    • Nor th, D. C., Wallis, J., Joseph, W., & Barry, R.. (2008), Violence and Social Orders, In: Governance Growth and Development Decision-making. World Bank
    • North, D.C., Wallis, J.J., and Weingast, B.R., (2009), Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual
    • Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • North, D.C., Wallis, J.J., and Weingast, B.R.( 2007), Limited Access Orders in the
    • Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development. [Online]. Available: http://econweb.umd.edu/~wallis/MyPapers/Limted_Access_Orders_in_the_Developing_WorldWPS4359
    • Salloukh, Bassel F. (2019), “From State-Building to State-Fraying Permeability: NSAs in the Post-Popular
    • Uprisings Arab World”, POMEPS Studies 34: Shifting Global Politics and the Middle East, https://pomeps.org/2019/03/15/from-state-buildingto- state-fraying-permeabilitynsas-in-the-post-popularuprisings-arab-world
    • org (2019), “Corruption Perceptions Index report, Transparency Internationa” l, https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/results
    • World Bank (2019), ‘Doing Business Index’, World Bank (Washington, D.C., 2019). Available at http://www.doingbusiness. org/en/rankings
    • World Bank (2017), ‘Iraq Systematic Country Diagnostic. February 3, 2017
    • Yousif ,Bassam and Omar El-Joumayle(2022), "The Dynamics of Protest Movements in Iraq: An Institutional Approach." (2022), The Economic Research Forum (ERF
    • Yousif, Bassam (2016), "Iraq's stunted growth: human and economic development in perspective." Contemporary Arab Affairs 9, no. 2 (2016): 212-236.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics