Revolution and Social Movements: A New Narrative

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Author

Florida International University and Post-Doctoral Researcher at Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

Social movements and revolutions have been at the core of the politics and attracted many eyes and thoughts. While much ink has been spilled on the emergence, dynamics, and outcomes of these phenomena, there has been a theoretical void in the explanation of their major driving force(s). Such an unfortunate poverty is no more obvious than in an analysis of the recent movements in the Middle East, known also as the Arab Spring. From this perspective, the present study is an attempt to explain major forces shaping emergence, dynamics, and outcomes of social movements and revolutions. Therefore, the paper will accomplish this mission by combining new concepts of Collective Identity, Cultural Opportunity, Meaning Production, Ideology and Framing, Enemy Recognition with more mainstream ones of Political Opportunity, Mobilizing Networks, and Movement Strategy.

Keywords


  1. الف) منابع فارسی
  2. حسینی زاده، سید محمد علی. (1383). نظریه گفتمان و تحلیل سیاسی، فصلنامه علوم سیاسی، شماره ۲۸، ۲۳/۱۰/۱۳۸۳.
  3. کاستلز، مانوئل. (1385). عصر اطلاعات: اقتصاد، جامعه و فرهنگ: پایان هزاره، ترجمه احد علیقلیان، تهران: طرح نو.
  4. گودوین، جف. (1388). رویکردهای دولت‌محوری درباره انقلاب‌های اجتماعی: نقاط قوت و ضعف یک سنت نظری، در جان فورن، نظریه‌پردازی انقلاب‌ها، ترجمه فرهنگ ارشاد، تهران: نشر نی.
  5. مشیرزاده، حمیرا. (1386). چرخش در سیاست خارجی ایالات متحده و حمله به عراق: زمینه‌های گفتمانی داخلی، فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 37، 2: 153-190.
  6. ب) منابع انگلیسی
  7. Apter, David E. (ed.). (1964). Ideology and Discontent, Glenco: Free Press.
  8. Beissinger. (2007). Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions, Perspectives on Politics (June), pp. 259-276, 2007.
  9. Porta, Donatella della; Mario Diani. (1999). Social Movements: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  10. Einwohner, Rachel L. (2003). Opportunity, Honor, and Action in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943, American Journal of Sociology, 109, 650-75.
  11. Eisinger, Peter K. (1973). The Conditions of Protest Behavior in America Cities, American Political Science Review, 67, 11-28.
  12. Escobar, Arturo. (1992). The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, And Democracy, Westview Press.
  13. Foran, John. (1997). Theorizing Revolution, Routledge.
  14. Gamson, William. (1992). The Social Psychology of Collective Action, in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
  15. Ganz, Marshall. (2000). Resources and Resourcefulness: Strategic Capacity in the Unionization of California Agriculture, 1959-1966, American Journal of Sociology, 105, 1003-62.
  16. Gerhards, Jurgen; Dieter Rucht. (1992). Mesomobilization; Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany, American Journal of Sociology, 98, 555-96.
  17. Hardin, Russell. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press for Resources for the Future.
  18. Hardin, Russell. (1982). One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  19. Johnston, Hank; Bert Klandermans (eds.). (1995). Social Movements and Culture, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  20. Kitschelt, Herbert P. (1986). Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies, British Journal of Political Science, 16, 57–85.
  21. Klandermans, Bert; Tarrow, Sidney G. (1989). From Structure to Action: comparing social movement research across cultures, JAI Press.
  22. Kurzman, Charles. (1996). Structural Opportunities and Perceived Opportunities in Social-Movement Theory: Evidence from the Iranian Revolution of 1979, American Sociological Review, 61, no. 1, (February): 153-170.
  23. Laclao, Ernesto. (1990). New Reflection on Revolution of Our Time, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  24. Laclau, Ernesto. (1993). The Making of Political Identities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  25. Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: towards a Radical Democratic politics, Verso.
  26. Laraña, Enrique; Hank Johnston; Joseph R. Guseld (eds.). (1994). New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  27. Loveman, Mara. (1998). High-risk collective action: defending human rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina, the American Journal of Sociology, 104(2), 477 – 525.
  28. Maher, Thomas. (2010). Threat, Resistance, and Collective Action: The Cases of Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz, American Sociological Review, 75, 252-72.
  29. McAdam, Doug; Tarrow, Sidney; Tilly, Charles. (2001). Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
  30. Melucci, Alberto. (1996). Challenging Codes: Collective action in the information age, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  31. Melucci, Alberto. (1988). Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, Temple University Press.
  32. Minkoff, Debra C. (1999). Bending with the Wind: Strategic Change and Adaptation by Women’s and Racial Minority Organizations, American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1666-1703.
  33. Morris, Aldon D.; Carol McClurg Mueller, (eds.). (1992). Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
  34. Moslem, Mehdi. (2002). Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran, Syracuse University Press.
  35. Olson, Mancur, Jr. (1971). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Harvard University Press, 1965, 2nd ed.
  36. Pfaff, Steven. (1996). Collective Identity and Informal Groups in Revolutionary Mobilization: East Germany in 1989, Social Forces, 75, 1 (September): 91–118.
  37. Putnam, Robert. (1995). Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy, 6, 65-78.
  38. Schirazi, Asghar. (1998). The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic, John O’Kane, trans. London: I. B. Tauris, 1998.
  39. Schneider, Cathy. (1995). Shantytown Protest in Pinochet’s Chile, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  40. Skocpol, Theda. (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China, Cambridge University Press (New York).
  41. Schock, Kurt. (2012). Land Struggles in the Global South: Strategic Innovations in Brazil and India, In Strategies for Social Change, edited by Gregory M. Maney, Rachel V. Kutz-Flamenbaum, Deana A. Rohlinger and Jeff Goodwin. Mineapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  42. Scott, James C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: The Hidden Transcript of Subordinate Groups, Yale University Press.
  43. Snow, David A., E. Burke Rochford Jr., Steven K. Wordon, and Robert D. Benford. (1986). Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation, American Sociological Review, 51, 464–81.
  44. Snow, David A.; Robert Benford. (1992). Master Frames and Cycles of Protest, In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
  45. Snow, David E.; Robert, Benford. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participation Mobilization, in From Structure to Acion: Comparing Social Movement Research across Cultures, Edited by Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kreisi, and Sidney Tarrow, International Social Movement Research, vol 1. 1998, Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
  46. Swidler, Ann. (1986). Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies, American Sociological Review, 51 (April): 273-286.
  47. Tarrow, Sidney. (1998). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  48. Tilly, Charles. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution, Mcgraw-Hill College: First Edition Stated edition.
  49. Tilly, Charles. (1992). Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990 – 1992, Wiley-Blackwell; Revised edition: 7.
  50. Touraine, Alain. (1981). The Voice and the Eye: Analysis of Social Movements, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  51. Torfing, Jacob. (2005). Poststructuralist Discourse Theory: Foucault, Laclau, Mouffe, and Zizek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  52. Wiktorowicz, Quintan. (2003). Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Indiana University Press.
  53. Williams, Rhys H.; Robert D. Benford. (2000). Two Faces of Collective Action Frames: A Theoretical Consideration, Current Perspectives in Social Theory, 20, 127–51.
  54. Zald, Mayer N.; John D. McCarthy, (eds.). (1987). Social Movements in an Organizational Society. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
  55. Zhao, Dingxin. (1998). Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization during the 1989 Pro-Democracy Movement in Beijing, American Journal of Sociology, 103, 6: 1493–1529.
  56. Zizek, Slavoj. (1989). ’che vaoi?’ in the sublime Object of Ideology, London: first verso edition.
  57. Zuo, J.; Robert Benford. (1995). Mobilization Processes and the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement, The Sociological Quarterly, 36, Issue 1, 131–156.